Gases -- Dalton's Law and Graham's Law

Watch these videos to help you gain a better understanding of Pressure and how gases mixed together affect it, as well as how the mass of gas molecules effects their speed of movement.

Gases -- Ideal Gas Law and Real Gases

Watch these videos to help you gain a better understanding of the Ideal Gas Law, how it works in problem solving, and how Real Gases deviate from the Ideal.

Types of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Equations

Watch the following videos to help you understand the different types of nuclear reactions that can occur and the nuclear equations we can write down to describe them.

Flame Test Lab

     Watch the following video to see what we did in class when we performed the Flame Test Lab.  Follow along and fill in the data table on your lab paper, including the answers for the two "unknown" chemicals.  When this is done, please answer the lab questions that go along with the experiment, based on what you see in lab/the video and what we have learned in class about excited electrons and light.

Bonding #6 -- Polar vs. Non-Polar Molecules

Watch the following video for a good overview of Molecular Polarity, as well as Inter-Molecular Forces that result between molecules due to their polarities.  (total time = 11 minutes)

Bonding #7 -- Resonance Stuctures and Delocalized Bonding of Electrons in Covalent Molecules

     Read the following text and illustrations to help understand what resonance Lewis Structures actually mean in terms of real molecules.  They involve delocalized bonding, or electrons that are not just shared between two atoms like in a normal ("localized") covalent bond, BUT instead are shared over three or more atoms/across the whole molecule.

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     Look at the following illustration to help understand delocalized pi bonding in molecules that have resonance structures.  Picutre (a) shows a 2-D molecular skeleton.  Picutre (b) shows the skeleton with unhybridized  p orbitals perpendicular to plane of molecule.  Picutre (c) shows  "merged" p orbitals above/below the plane of the molecule, with  delocalized electrons shared over the whole molecular instead of just between two atoms.  And picture (d) showing the electron cloud (made up of the regular covalently bonded electrons in their hybrid orbitals, as well as the delocalized electrons) surrounding whole molecule, with electron density shown by color.

Bonding #5 -- Molecular Shapes and Geometry

Watch the following three videos for a good overview of Molecular Geometry and Shapes, including hybrid orbitals. (total time = 27 minutes)  Also click on the two links for extra information about molecular shapes and hybrid orbitals.


Click on this link to learn about hybrid orbitals.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf








Click on this link for information about actual pictures of real molecules with shapes that match up with VSEPR and hybrid orbital theories!
http://phys.org/news/2013-05-first-ever-high-resolution-images-molecule-reforms.html

Bonding #0 -- Bonding Overview

Watch the following video for a good overview of Chemical Bonding, especially as it relates to Coulumb's Law.  (total time = 10 minutes)

Bonding #4 -- Bond Polarity

Watch the following video for a good overview of Electronegativity and Bond Polarity -- the difference between Ionic Bonds, Polar Covalent Bonds, and Non-Polar Covalent Bonds.  (total time = 9 minutes)

Bonding #3 -- Covalent Bonding, Lewis Structures, VSEPR

Watch the following two videos for a good overview of Covalent Bonding, Lewis Diagrams, and the VSEPR model to explain molecular shapes.

Bonding #2 -- Metallic Bonding

Watch the following two videos for a good overview of Metallic Bonding and the properties of substances held together by metallic bonds, called Metals or Metallic Solids.  (total time = 10 minutes)

Bonding #1 -- Ionic Bonding

Watch the following two videos for a good overview of Ionic Bonding and the properties of substances held together by ionic bonds, called Ionic Solids.  (total time = 10 minutes)

Periodic Table Properties and Trends

Elements have different properties based on the valence electrons in their atoms.  These valence electrons and properties control how the atoms of that element will react with other elements.

Because the number and position of valence electrons an atom has matches up with its location on the Periodic Table, elements with similar valence electrons will have similar properties and are found in the same groups (up and down columns) on the Periodic Table.  In addition, as you go across each row from left to right and down each column on the Table, the elements show patterns in their properties and behaviors based on where they are located in the Table.

Several important properties of atoms we need to know about are:

1. Atomic Size (Radius)
2. Ionic Size (Radius)
3. Ionization Energy
4. Electronegativity

For each of these properties, you need to know what it means, what pattern it shows on the Periodic Table, and why it shows that pattern (what is going on inside the atom with the electrons to make that happen).  These following pictures and link to a flash animation will help with this understanding.

• Atomic Size (Radius) shown as a line graph.

• Atomic Size (Radius) shown as a bar graph in the Periodic Table.

• Click on this link to go to a Flash animation explaining about atomic properties, how they are related to electrons, and the patterns they show in the Periodic Table.

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/atomic4.swf

• All of the properties and their patterns on the Periodic Table.

Electrons and PES

PES = Photo-Electron Spectroscopy is a special technique used to determine the location and number of electrons in an atom based on their energy.  It is another way of thinking about quantum numbers and it is experimental proof that electron configurations are accurate representations of the location and distribution of electrons within an atom.


Watch the following videos to get an idea of how the technique works and what the graphical results look like.  Then notice how we can use these graphs to get information about the electron configuration and identities of atoms.

• This second video has a worksheet that goes along with it that you will be asked to complete while watching the video.

• Lastly, read the diagram and text below AND the webpage shown in this link to help you understand what is going on with electrons in 3d and 4s, which orbtial they ACTUALLY fill in first, why they do it in that order, and why we learn electron configurations in the other order.

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/3d4sproblem.html

Electron-electron repulsion

It takes 1312 kJ of energy to remove the electron from a mole of hydrogen atoms.  What might we expect this value to be for helium?  Helium contains two electrons, but its nucleus contains two protons; each electron "sees" both protons, so we might expect that the electrons of helium would be bound twice as strongly as the electron of hydrogen. The ionization energy of helium should therefore be twice 1312 kJ/mol, or 2612 kJ/mol. 

However, if one looks at the spectrum of helium, the continuum is seen to begin at a wavelength corresponding to an ionization energy of 2372 kJ/mol, or about 90% of the predicted value.

Why are the electrons in helium bound less tightly than the +2 nuclear charge would lead us to expect? 

The answer is that there is another effect to consider: the repulsion between the two electrons; the resulting electron-electron repulsion subtracts from the force holding the electron to the nucleus, reducing the local binding of each.

Electron-electron repulsion is a major factor in both the spectra and chemical behavior of the elements heavier than hydrogen. 

Unpaired Electrons: Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

     Watch the two videos that follow to help you understand the difference between paramagnetism and diamagnetism, as well as how each phenomenon is caused by unpaired and paired electrons in atomic orbitals.  Also, check out the liquid oxygen in the second video!   (Total time = 10 minutes)

Electrons #5: Electrons in Atoms and Periodicity

Electron Configurations use quantum numbers (probability descriptions of where an electron is located outside of its nucleus) to differentiate among and list out all of the electrons in an atom.

• Watch this short video and then go to each of the website links that follow.  Pay extra attention to the discussion of Coulomb's Law and shielding.

• Answer the questions on each of the links.

http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/taters/Unit2ElectronNotations.htm

http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/taters/Unit3ValenceElectrons.htm

Electrons #4: Electronic Orbitals, Part II

Watch the following videos to learn about and help you understand the electronic structure of atoms. (Total time 30 minutes)

• 1st video goes into more detail about what the quantum numbers we use to describe where electrons are in each atom actually mean.

• 2nd video continues to discuss quantum numbers and uses more pictures of orbitals to help you understand how we have to talk about the electrons in an atom.

Electrons #3: Electronic Orbitals, Part I

Watch the following video to learn about and help you understand the electronic structure of atoms.

• 1st video has a good overview of the whole process.

• 2nd video explains the techniques and vocabulary chemists use to talk about electrons and their strange behavior as they move around the nucleus.

• Click on the following link to read about electron orbitals and electron configurations.

                         http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/atomorbs.html

• Look at the following two pictures.  The first is a simplified color-coded representation of the s, p, d, and f sublevels and the 1, 3, 5, and 7 orientations (orbtials) that each one has respectively.  The second picture shows some of the same orbitals as they really are, probability density plots of the electron's wave function.

Electrons #2: Electrons and Light

Click on this link and follow along with the Flash animation to help you understand how the quantum nature of electrons was discovered by looking at the colors of light produced when elements are heated.  The animation also connects the colors of light produced  to the location and behavior of electrons in an atom, relative to their nucleus.

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/linesp16.swf

Electrons #1: Quantum Nature of Electrons

After watching the NOVA special in class, watch the following videos (the first video links to a playlist of 8 short videos, totaling 40 minutes) to help you understand quantum physics and how it applies to electrons.

Half-Life and Radioactive Decay Activities

Look at the following graph and run the three applets on this page to explore and learn more about radioactive decay and half-life.

Half-Life: Radioactive Decay and Exponential Curve

The first applet shows alpha decay.

The second applet shows beta decay.
The second applet shows beta decay


The

Click to Run

Click to Run

The third applet shows half-life curves and how to use them to find the age of things buried in the ground.

Click to Run

Radioactive Decay and Half-Life Overview

Watch the following video to learn more about radioactive decay and how long it takes atoms to decay, known as half-life.








Watch the following video to help you understand how to do half-life calculations.

Thermochemistry -- Phase Changes (temperature only)

Run the following applet to explore how adding heat energy to a sample changes temperature, state of matter, and molecular motion.

Click to Run

Calorimetery--Calculating the Calorimeter Constant

Click on this link to watch a a short video that explains how to calculate the calorimeter constant (how "leaky" your calorimeter is when it comes to heat) using a sample problem.

http://www.chemteam.info/Thermochem/Video-calorimeter-constant-02.mov

Nuclear Chemistry -- Radiation and Radioactive Decay

Watch the following videos and click on the link below it to help learn about radioactive decay and the types of particles and radiation that are involved.









Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation Compared
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/radioa7.swf

Thermochemistry Part II, the Math and the Experiments

Watch the following videos to help you understand the math sections of thermochemistry, both theoretical and experimental.

total time = 23 minutes


Enthalpy -- heat without work



Calorimetry -- heat experiments

Thermochemistry Part I, the Concepts

Watch the following videos to help you understand the aspects of thermochemistry.

total viewing time = 14 minutes


Basic Concepts and Vocabulary




Energy, Heat, and Work

Periodic Table

 Watch the following video to learn about the history of how the periodic table was developed.





  Click on the following links to go to two websites with interactive Periodic Tables.  Work with these and they will help you to understand what we need to know about the modern Periodic Table -- how it is arranged, what the different sections of it are called, and important properties of specific elements and groups of elements.

http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/index.html

http://www.ptable.com/#

Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

Click on the link below to work with an interactive animation and learn more about Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment that helped him to determine that atoms have a nucleus in the middle.


http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/ruther14.swf


Watch this video as well to help you understand the Gold Foil experiment.

Atomic Structure -- Ions, Isotopes, and Weighted Average Atomic Mass

Use the following two Java applets to explore the idea of how the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom controls whether it is an ion, a stable isotope, or an unstable radioactive isotope.

Click to Run

Click to Run

Atoms and Atomic Structure

Watch the following videos for an introduction to and review of the basics of atomic structure, with some information about the history of how the atom was discovered and the Periodic Table as well.

Gases Overall Review

Use the following video and Java applet to help reinforce your understanding of how the molecular-level view of gases controls their macro-scale behaviors.

Click to Run

Gases: Charles' Law (temperature and volume)

Follow the links below to watch two short videos to help you understand Charles' Law and the basic ideas of how gases behave on the molecular level.

total time = 13.5 minutes

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/temperature-units-converting-between-kelvins-and-celsius.html

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/charles-law-gas-pressure-and-temperature-relationship.html

Gases: Boyle's Law (pressure and volume)

Follow the links below to watch two short videos to help you understand Boyle's Law and the basic ideas of how gases behave on the molecular level.

total time = 13 minutes

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/pressure-and-temperature-conversions.html

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/boyles-charles-gay-lussacs-laws-pressure-volume-and-temperature-relationships.html

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Watch the following videos to get an introduction to the topic of Oxidation-Reduction or Redox reactions.    (23 minutes total)

First Common Task in Chemistry -- Identifying Unknowns Lab Report

This week, the students have been working on an experiment in class.  They have now completed the experiment, their calculations, their graphs, and their conclusions.

They should have all of the information they need to complete a Lab Report on this experiment.  They have received written instructions on how to write up this experiment as well as an in-class review of exactly what I am looking for in this lab report.

This is a very important assignment.  It counts as a test grade for 1st quarter AND as 25% of their Mid-Year Exam grade!  Please make sure that the student completes and hands in this lab report on time.

The lab report must be types and can either be printed out and handed in OR emailed to me at my school email address     mcnultyr@bsd-ri.net

The lab report is due next Friday, September 26th.  If the students have any questions, need any help, or would like me to review a rough draft of the lab report before they hand it in, they may come to see me after school for extra help any day.

First Common Task for Chemistry -- Identifying Unknowns Lab Report

This week, the students have been working on an experiment in class.  They have now completed the experiment, their calculations, their graphs, and their conclusions.

They should have all of the information they need to complete a Lab Report on this experiment.  They have received written instructions on how to write up this experiment as well as an in-class review of exactly what I am looking for in this lab report.

This is a very important assignment.  It counts as a test grade for 1st quarter AND as 25% of their Mid-Year Exam grade!  Please make sure that the student completes and hands in this lab report on time.

The lab report must be types and can either be printed out and handed in OR emailed to me at my school email address     mcnultyr@bsd-ri.net

The lab report is due next Thursday, September 26th.  If the students have any questions, need any help, or would like me to review a rough draft of the lab report before they hand it in, they may come to see me after school for extra help any day.

Acid-Base Titration Overview

Watch the following videos for an overview of acid-base titration lab technique, calculations, and graph.

Behavior of Gases on the Molecular Level

Follow the link below to watch a short video to help you understand the basic ideas of how gases behave on the molecular level.

total time = 7 minutes

              http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-kinetic-molecular-theory-properties-of-gases.html


Click on the link below to watch and work with two flash animations to help you understand how gases (as well as solids and liquids) behave at the molecular level.

                          http://preparatorychemistry.com/KMT_flash.htm

                 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/gasesv6.swf

Acid-Base Fundamentals

Watch the following videos, go to the website shown in the link, and work with the Java applet below to help you understand the special solutions known as acids and bases.    (17.5 minutes total)








Go to this website and work with the flash animation to see the difference between strong and weak acids.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/acid13.swf

Click to Run

Additional Solution Videos

Watch the following videos to gain more understanding of solutions and solubility rules.         (25 minutes total)

Chemistry Lab Equipment

Watch the following video to become familiar with the basic lab equipment and measurements devices we will use this year during chemistry experiments.  Make sure you know the purpose of each piece of equipment and how to use the measurement devices correctly to get good quantitative data.

total time  = 4:30 minutes

Graphing Data from an Experiment

When we take quantitative measurements during an experiment, this is called collecting data.  Many times, we will graph this data to try to make sense of the numbers and figure out what the data is telling us about the results of our experiment.

Make sure you can create a graph and read an existing graph to get information from it about an experiment.
Total time = 10 minutes

Quantitative Measurements in Experiments

Total time = 25 minutes

When we take quantitative measurements in chemistry, we will be using lab equipment, such as the scale or the graduated cylinder.  All of the equipment we use will be set in the Metric System -- make sure you remember how to use this measurement system.

Watch the following video and check out the website listed below.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/measure/metric-system.html





When we take measurements, we must make sure that they are both accurate and precise.  What do these terms mean?





How does this general discussion of accuracy and precision relate to using a scale or a graduated cylinder to measure chemicals in an experiment?  Watch the following video that discusses these ideas in the context of the Uncertainty of your experimental measurements.

Types of Properties -- Extensive vs. Intensive and Qualitative vs. Quantitative

We must observe and measure the properties of the chemicals we work with in lab in order to find out what they are.  We have already talked about Physical and Chemical, but there are other differences to consider as well.  Watch the following videos that explain the differences between Extensive and Intensive, and then between Qualitative and Quantitative.

Total Time = 6 minutes

Chapter 4 -- Quantitative Aspects of Solutions

Run and explore both of these Java applets to help you understand the unit of Molarity and the concepts of concentration in solutions, such as saturated and unsaturated.  Watch the video that follows for an excellent demonstration of how supersaturated solutions are unstable.

Click to Run

Click to Run

Chapter 4 - Solutions and the Solvation Process

Run and explore all four of these Java applets to help you understand how solutes dissolve in solutions.


Click on the following link to go to the first applet.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.swf


Click on the following link to go to the second applet.
http://group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/thermochem/solutionSalt.html

Click to Run

Click to Run

Chapter 4, part I -- Solutions and Net Ionic Equations

Watch these two videos for an introduction to Chapter 4 on the general topics of Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry.

Total length  = 20 minutes

AP Chemistry Test on Chapters 1, 2, and 3

Make sure that you study for your test on Monday.

Use the review papers that I gave you in class and the videos on this blog.

Email me with questions if you have any at mcnultyr@bsd-ri.net

Virtual Labs for Introductory Topics

Follow these links to find the two virtual labs we will be performing.

Lab 1 = Chromatography Lab (Separating Mixtures)
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol114/Psynth/Psynth1.asp

•  complete first page only
• be prepared to answer questions in class discussion about this laboratory technique

Lab 2 = Percent Composition and Empirical Formula of Hydrate
http://elearning.classof1.com/demo/3d_lab/EmpiricalFormula.html

• complete the whole experiment for one hydrate, assigned by your teacher
• share your results with the other students in the class until everyone has data for all 5 hydrates
• answer all the questions and complete all sections in the lab packet

Separating Mixtures

Total time for both videos = 6:30 minutes

Substances are made of just one kind of particle so they CANNOT be physically separated into different components.

Mixtures are made of MORE than one kind of particle so they CAN be physically separated into their components.  The first video below has a simple example of separating a mixtures using the different properties of the two components that were mixed together.





The second video describes the formal lab techniques that are used to separate the types of mixtures you would work with during a chemistry experiment.

Stoichiometry -- Guided Problem Solving

These videos follow along with the NMSI packet we received in class.  They work through problems from the packet step-by-step.  Feel free to fast forward and skip over parts you do not need top review.


The first video covers problems on Average Atomic Mass, Molar Conversions, Molar Mass, Mass Percent (% composition), and Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas.




The second video covers problems on Balancing Equations, Reaction Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield.


AP Chemistry: Reaction Stoichiometry from Rene McCormick on Vimeo.

What is the Difference Between Physical and Chemical Changes?

Watch the following  videos to refresh your memory about the differences between physical and chemical changes in matter and how we tell them apart from one another based on observations.  Total viewing time = 15 minutes.

What type of matter is it and How do I know?

Watch the following  videos to refresh your memory about the different types of matter that make up the universe around us and how we tell them apart from one another based on their properties.  Total viewing time = 6 minutes.

Introduction to Stoichiometry

Watch the following video to learn about the basics of Stoichiometry.  (about 13 minutes)

Lab Safety Videos

Watch the following videos to learn about lab safety. (21 minutes total)

Lab Safety Assignments and Due Dates

By Friday, August 30th,  students will receive a Science Safety Contract that we will review in class, along with the safety features of my lab classroom.

They will then be responsible for reading, filling in, and signing this contract.

Please make sure that the parents/guardians of each student also reads and signs this safety contract.

Students will not be able to participate in any experiments until this signed contract is returned to me.  

Return the signed contract by Tuesday, September 3rd.

There will be a Safety Quiz based on this safety contract and the lesson in class that students must pass to be able to participate in experiments in class.  This quiz will be on Tuesday, September 3th.

There will also be a Chemical Safety Poster assignment that goes along with this, and it must be completed outside of class and handed in by Friday, September 6th.

Video Review of Types and States of Matter

Video to Explain Significant Digits in Measurements

Homework Thursday 08/29/13

Homework for today -- practice Safety Quiz

Look at each illustration, figure out all the things that the people are doing that are wrong or UNSAFE, and write them on the lines underneath each picture.

Students will be called to write their answers on the board tomorrow at the start of class.

First Few Days of Chemistry Class

As an introductory activity in class on the first day, students will be investigating the differences between physical and chemical changes -- a review of topics covered in middle school and earlier high school science classes.

Over the first few days of school, students will be getting a course outline with important information about what they need for class each day, how grades are assigned in my classes, and other useful things.  

They will also be receiving a sheet on the rules of my classroom -- a bit different because it is a laboratory classroom with the extra concerns of lab equipment and chemicals to consider.

Welcome to Mr. McNulty's Chemistry Classes 2013-2014!

Hello and Welcome to all of my students and their parents/guardians!

This blog will contain helpful information, videos, applets, websites, etc. that will connect with the topics and assignments that we cover in chemistry class.

Information and dates about homework, lab reports, tests and quizzes, and other class assignments will be posted as well.

If you ever have questions or concerns that are not addressed on this blog, please feel free to contact me at my school email, mcnultyr@bsd-ri.net

Questions? Find the Answers here!

Questions about your Chemistry class?  Not sure what the homework is tonight?  When is that lab report due?  Check out my blog, Holy Flaming Peanuts! for all the answers.